Source.<\/p>\n
Pirms 125 gadiem Par\u012bz\u0113 s\u0101ka darboties pirm\u0101 pazemes dzelzce\u013ca jeb metro l\u012bnija. Neraugoties uz s\u0101kotn\u0113jo skepsi, jau dr\u012bz vien pils\u0113tnieki iecien\u012bja \u0161o transporta veidu, un v\u0113l pirms Otr\u0101 pasaules kara Par\u012bzes metro sist\u0113ma tika iev\u0113rojami papla\u0161in\u0101ta \u2013 \u0161is process turpin\u0101s ar\u012b m\u016bsdien\u0101s<\/p>\n
Glu\u017ei t\u0101pat k\u0101 citas pasaules lielpils\u0113tas, ar\u012b Par\u012bze XIX gadsimta otraj\u0101 pus\u0113 piedz\u012bvoja b\u016btisku iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaita pieaugumu, kas nopietni sare\u017e\u0123\u012bja p\u0101rvieto\u0161an\u0101s iesp\u0113jas un skaidri lika saprast, ka eso\u0161\u0101 transporta sist\u0113ma vairs nesp\u0113j nodro\u0161in\u0101t iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju un pils\u0113tas viesu vajadz\u012bbas, raksta All About History.<\/p>\n
Pl\u0101ni par situ\u0101cijas uzlabo\u0161anu tika kalti gadiem ilgi, ta\u010du parasti viss beidz\u0101s ar to, ka ragos sag\u0101ja Par\u012bzes m\u0113rija, Francijas vald\u012bba (neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, kuras partijas p\u0101rst\u0101vis tai br\u012bd\u012b to vad\u012bja) un t\u0101s iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju kopienas, kuras jaunu transporta art\u0113riju ier\u012bko\u0161ana var\u0113ja tie\u0161i skart, jo tas noz\u012bm\u0113ja ielu izrak\u0146\u0101\u0161anu vai \u0113ku nojauk\u0161anu. Ta\u010du ilgi t\u0101 turpin\u0101ties nevar\u0113ja.<\/p>\n
Pazemes dzelzce\u013c\u0161 k\u0101 lielisks satiksmes l\u012bdzeklis sevi bija apliecin\u0101jis London\u0101 (ier\u012bkots 1863. gad\u0101), Gl\u0101zgov\u0101 (1896. gads), Budape\u0161t\u0101 (1896. gads) un \u010cik\u0101g\u0101 (1897. gads). V\u0113l jau bija ar\u012b Stambulas 1875. gad\u0101 ier\u012bkot\u0101 l\u012bnija, kas gan bija vien mazliet vair\u0101k nek\u0101 puskilometru gara un kalpoja izklaides nol\u016bkiem. P\u0113c ilgiem str\u012bdiem ar\u012b Par\u012bz\u0113 tika pie\u0146emts konceptu\u0101ls l\u0113mums b\u016bv\u0113t metro, ta\u010du ieceres \u012bsteno\u0161anu labu laiku trauc\u0113ja birokr\u0101ti un da\u017e\u0101das intereses p\u0101rst\u0101vo\u0161i finan\u0161u un politiskie grup\u0113jumi.<\/p>\n
Noz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101ko impulsu projekts ieguva 1896. gad\u0101, kad Par\u012bzei tika pie\u0161\u0137irtas ties\u012bbas un atbild\u012bba organiz\u0113t 1900. gada Pasaules izst\u0101di (Exposition universelle de 1900), kurai p\u0113c neilga laika tika \u00abpiekabin\u0101tas \u00bb ar\u012b m\u016bsdienu otr\u0101s olimpisk\u0101s sp\u0113les, raksta History.com. Gan valsts, gan Francijas galvaspils\u0113tas varasiest\u0101des saprata, ka no simtiem t\u016bksto\u0161iem \u0101rvalstu viesu nek\u0101das glaimojo\u0161\u0101s atsauksmes par Gaismas pils\u0113tu vai M\u012blest\u012bbas pils\u0113tu nesagaid\u012bt, ja vi\u0146iem n\u0101ksies starp pas\u0101kumu norises viet\u0101m, restor\u0101niem un viesn\u012bc\u0101m p\u0101rvietoties zirgu vilkt\u0101s kariet\u0113s, omnibusos vai ar tvaika dzin\u0113ju darbin\u0101tajos tramvajos.<\/p>\n
Pret\u0113ji skepti\u0137u apgalvotajam Par\u012bzes pirm\u0101s metro l\u012bnijas b\u016bvniec\u012bba notika raiti un bez starpgad\u012bjumiem. 1900. gada 19. j\u016blij\u0101 pirmie sast\u0101vi s\u0101ka kurs\u0113t pa slie\u017eu ce\u013ciem, kas savienoja toreiz\u0113j\u0101s Par\u012bzes rietumu un austrumu da\u013cas. S\u0113nu tie gan ne\u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja, un da\u013ca mar\u0161ruta pa\u0161\u0101 pils\u0113tas centr\u0101 bija (un joproj\u0101m ir) paral\u0113la upei.<\/p>\n
J\u0100DODAS PAZEM\u0112<\/p>\n
Diskusijas par Par\u012bzes transporta sist\u0113mas moderniz\u0113\u0161anu s\u0101k\u0101s aptuveni 1845. gad\u0101, v\u0113sta France 24. Jau dr\u012bz vien k\u013cuva skaidrs, ka eso\u0161o ielu papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161ana nav risin\u0101jums, jo tad b\u016btu j\u0101nojauc milz\u012bgs skaits \u0113ku un j\u0101atp\u0113rk lielas zemes plat\u012bbas \u2013 priv\u0101t\u012bpa\u0161niekiem tas ne\u0161\u0137ita pie\u0146emams, turkl\u0101t nedz pils\u0113tas m\u0113rijas, nedz vald\u012bbas kas\u0113 nebija tik daudz naudas, lai var\u0113tu izmaks\u0101t pien\u0101c\u012bgas kompens\u0101cijas. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c 1856. gad\u0101 tika nospriests, ka Par\u012bzes sabiedrisk\u0101 transporta n\u0101kotne ir slie\u017eu ce\u013ci, tolaik gan ar to dom\u0101jot vien tradicion\u0101lo virszemes dzelzce\u013cu. Ta\u010du projekts iestr\u0113ga, pat v\u0113l pirms s\u0101k\u0101s praktisko deta\u013cu apsprie\u0161ana.<\/p>\n
Dzelzce\u013ca komp\u0101nijas un Francijas vald\u012bba v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s, lai Par\u012bzes pils\u0113tas dzelzce\u013c\u0161 k\u013c\u016btu par papildin\u0101jumu jau eso\u0161ajai slie\u017eu ce\u013cu sist\u0113mai, ta\u010du galvaspils\u0113tas m\u0113rija, kuru kontrol\u0113ja viet\u0113j\u0101 bur\u017eu\u0101zija, pret to stingri iebilda, br\u012bdinot, ka \u00abtad jau katram lau\u0137im b\u016bs pavisam vienk\u0101r\u0161i nok\u013c\u016bt jebkur\u0101 pils\u0113tas rajon\u0101, un kas to lai zina, ko vi\u0146\u0161 tur sadar\u012bs\u00bb, raksta All About History.<\/p>\n
N\u0101c\u0101s mekl\u0113t kompromisu, un tas tika atrasts XIX gadsimta devi\u0146desmito gadu vid\u016b, kad savu projektu Par\u012bzes m\u0113rijai un Francijas vald\u012bbai iesniedza Breta\u0146\u0101 dzimu\u0161ais in\u017eenieris Ful\u017eans Bj\u0113nvenj\u016b. Vi\u0146a pl\u0101ns jau uzreiz paredz\u0113ja se\u0161u pazemes dzelzce\u013ca l\u012bniju izb\u016bv\u0113\u0161anu, pieturoties pie principa, lai vilks b\u016btu pa\u0113dis, bet ar\u012b kaza paliktu dz\u012bva. Proti, \u0161aj\u0101 slie\u017eu mud\u017eekl\u012b bija iesp\u0113jams izmantot ar\u012b klasiskajam dzelzce\u013cam paredz\u0113tos elektrovilcienus, ta\u010du uz Par\u012bzes administrat\u012bv\u0101s robe\u017eas bija j\u0101p\u0101riet uz citu, diezgan d\u0101rgu sist\u0113mu, kas noz\u012bm\u0113ja, ka piepils\u0113tu iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem tika apgr\u016btin\u0101ta nok\u013c\u016b\u0161ana galvaspils\u0113t\u0101.<\/p>\n
KLUS\u0100 ATKL\u0100\u0160ANA<\/p>\n
Par\u012bzes metro celtniec\u012bba tika s\u0101kta 1898. gada 4. oktobr\u012b. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no Londonas, kur str\u0101dniekiem n\u0101c\u0101s moc\u012bties, pazem\u0113 rokot \u0161aurus tune\u013cus, Bj\u0113nvenj\u016b projekts balst\u012bj\u0101s uz t\u0101 d\u0113v\u0113to tran\u0161eju sist\u0113mu (t\u0101du savulaik \u2013 pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta asto\u0146desmito gadu otraj\u0101 pus\u0113 \u2013 pl\u0101noja ar\u012b R\u012bg\u0101). Proti, pl\u0101notaj\u0101 mar\u0161rut\u0101 izraka vair\u0101kus desmitus metru dzi\u013cus gr\u0101vjus, kuros iekl\u0101ja sliedes un izveidoja visu citu nepiecie\u0161amo infrastrukt\u016bru (elektr\u012bbas kabe\u013cus, ventil\u0101cijas sist\u0113mas, tehnisk\u0101s apkopes ejas, stacijas un peronus), bet p\u0113c tam ier\u012bkoja p\u0101rsedzes, uzb\u0113ra jaunu grunts sl\u0101ni, un virszem\u0113 jau var\u0113ja b\u016bv\u0113t jaunas \u0113kas, iek\u0101rtot ielas vai skv\u0113rus. \u0160\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c Par\u012bzes metro ir diezgan sekls \u2013 t\u0101 dzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101 stacija Abbesses atrodas vien 36 metrus zem zemes l\u012bme\u0146a. Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam \u2013 \u0136\u012bn\u0101 \u010cuncjinas pils\u0113t\u0101 stacija Tongyancun ier\u012bkota 116 metru dzi\u013cum\u0101, bet Kijivas metro stacija Arsenalna atrodas 105 metru dzi\u013cum\u0101.<\/p>\n
Pirmais metro vilciens no stacijas Porte de Vincennes ce\u013c\u0101 dev\u0101s 1900. gada 19. j\u016blij\u0101 pulksten 13. Lai cik tas d\u012bvaini \u0161obr\u012bd neliktos, nebija nek\u0101du fanfaru, sarkano pakl\u0101ju, lent\u012b\u0161u grie\u0161anu, ilgu poz\u0113\u0161anu fotogr\u0101fiem. Pat bag\u0101t\u012bgi kl\u0101ta banketa galda nebija, un augst\u0101k\u0101 amatpersona, kas apmekl\u0113ja \u0161o patie\u0161\u0101m v\u0113sturisko notikumu, bija toreiz\u0113jais Par\u012bzes policijas priek\u0161nieks Luijs Lep\u0113ns, v\u0113sta AFP. Un ar\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 stacij\u0101 atrad\u0101s dr\u012bz\u0101k pien\u0101kuma apzi\u0146as vad\u012bts \u2013 ja nu gad\u0101s k\u0101da \u0137ibele. N\u0101kamaj\u0101 dien\u0101 Par\u012bzes av\u012bzes rakst\u012bja, ka zi\u0146k\u0101r\u012bgo p\u016blis gan esot bijis diezgan liels, ta\u010du daudzi no \u0161iem \u013caud\u012bm pazem\u0113 devu\u0161ies, lai pagl\u0101btos no necie\u0161am\u0101s 38 gr\u0101du liel\u0101s svelmes.<\/p>\n
K\u0101 vienu no iemesliem augsto amatpersonu intereses tr\u016bkumam Le Figaro min\u0113jis faktu, ka Pasaules izst\u0101de tika atkl\u0101ta jau 14. apr\u012bl\u012b, visas \u00abprominences un eminences jau bija prom, un ar\u012b fran\u010du valstsv\u012bri baud\u012bja peln\u012bto vasaras atp\u016btu\u00bb.<\/p>\n
Gan jau savu lomu nosp\u0113l\u0113ja ar\u012b Par\u012bzes av\u012b\u017enieki, kuri l\u012bdz galam nesaprotamu iemeslu d\u0113\u013c pret metro b\u016bves ieceri bija \u013coti skeptiski. Da\u017ei laikraksti uzsvaru lika uz to, ka zemes nogruvumi var aprakt vilcienus ar visiem to pasa\u017eieriem, citi rakst\u012bja, ka p\u0101rmijnieku k\u013c\u016bdu d\u0113\u013c pretimbrauco\u0161i sast\u0101vi var saskrieties, v\u0113l citi apel\u0113ja pie t\u0101, ka pazemes dzelzce\u013cu kust\u012bba trauc\u0113s Par\u012bzes katakomb\u0101s apbed\u012bto mieru, turkl\u0101t netr\u016bka jau ar\u012b t\u0101du, kuri k\u0101 velns no krusta baid\u012bj\u0101s no elektrisk\u0101s str\u0101vas.<\/p>\n
STRAUJ\u0100 PAPLA\u0160IN\u0100\u0160AN\u0100S<\/p>\n
Att\u0101lums starp pirm\u0101s metro l\u012bnijas galastacij\u0101m (Porte Maillot un Porte de Vincennes) ir aptuveni 11 kilometru, un elektriskie metro vilcieni, kuriem bija tr\u012bs vagoni, \u0161o ce\u013cu veica 27 min\u016bt\u0113s, v\u0113sta France 24. Liel\u0101ko da\u013cu laika gan aiz\u0146\u0113ma apst\u0101\u0161an\u0101s stacij\u0101s, pasa\u017eieru izlai\u0161ana un uz\u0146em\u0161ana. Viena no Par\u012bzes metro \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m ir t\u0101, ka stacijas atrodas \u013coti tuvu cita citai. Pirm\u0101s metro l\u012bnijas atkl\u0101\u0161anas dien\u0101 funkcion\u0113ja asto\u0146as stacijas, ta\u010du laik\u0101 no 1900. gada 6. augusta l\u012bdz 1. septembrim tika pabeigti b\u016bvniec\u012bbas darbi ar\u012b atliku\u0161aj\u0101s desmit stacij\u0101s, un t\u0101s viena p\u0113c otras k\u013cuva pieejamas pasa\u017eieriem.<\/p>\n
Jau 1899. gada apr\u012bl\u012b tika nodibin\u0101ts uz\u0146\u0113mums Compagnie du chemin de fer m\u00e9tropolitain de Paris S.A., kam tika uztic\u0113ts p\u0101rvald\u012bt jauno satiksmes veidu Francijas galvaspils\u0113t\u0101, raksta Smithsonian Magazine. Interesanti, ka no \u0161\u012bs komp\u0101nijas nosaukuma ar\u012b radies termins \u00abmetro\u00bb, ar ko pazemes dzelzce\u013cu apz\u012bm\u0113 daudz\u0101s pasaules valst\u012bs un par ieej\u0101m stacij\u0101s signaliz\u0113 lielas izk\u0101rtnes ar burtu M. Daudzviet, bet ne visur, protams. Londona saglab\u0101jusi savu trad\u012bciju d\u0113v\u0113t to par underground (sarunu valod\u0101 gan bie\u017e\u0101k dzirdams apz\u012bm\u0113jums tube, kas burtisk\u0101 tulkojum\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 cauruli).<\/p>\n
Burts U (no v\u0101cisk\u0101 U-Bahn jeb pazemes vilciena) kop\u0161 1902. gada v\u0113sta par metro stacij\u0101m Berl\u012bn\u0113 un v\u0113l\u0101k ar\u012b cit\u0101s V\u0101cijas pils\u0113t\u0101s, bet \u0145ujork\u0101 (tur metro tika ier\u012bkots 1904. gad\u0101) j\u0101mekl\u0113 nor\u0101des ar uzrakstu subway un j\u0101pacen\u0161as t\u0101s nesajaukt ar t\u0101da pa\u0161a nosaukuma \u0101tr\u0101s \u0113din\u0101\u0161anas restor\u0101na ieejas durv\u012bm.<\/p>\n
Budape\u0161t\u0101, kur metro tika ier\u012bkots v\u0113l pirms tam, kad \u0161o apz\u012bm\u0113jumu ieviesa fran\u010di, ieeja stacij\u0101s tiek mar\u0137\u0113ta ar dzelten\u0101m pl\u0101ksn\u012bt\u0113m, uz kur\u0101m melniem burtiem uzrakst\u012bts stacijas nosaukums.<\/p>\n
Savuk\u0101rt Pr\u0101g\u0101 pie\u0146emts \u0161im m\u0113r\u0137im izmantot stiliz\u0113tu uz leju v\u0113rstu bultu, turkl\u0101t izk\u0101rtnes kr\u0101sa (sarkana, za\u013ca vai dzeltena) inform\u0113, kur\u0101 no pils\u0113tas trim l\u012bnij\u0101m pasa\u017eieris non\u0101ks.<\/p>\n
Bet atgrie\u017eoties pie Par\u012bzes \u2013 jau 1900. gada decembr\u012b tika v\u0113st\u012bts, ka kop\u0113jais pasa\u017eieru skaits p\u0101rsniedzis 17 miljonus cilv\u0113ku, kas liecin\u0101ja, ka pils\u0113tnieki un t\u016bristi \u0161o transportl\u012bdzekli atzinu\u0161i par pietiekami \u0113rtu. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Bj\u0113nvenj\u016b projektu 1903. gad\u0101 darb\u012bbu s\u0101ka Par\u012bzes metro 2. l\u012bnija, n\u0101kamajos gados tika izb\u016bv\u0113tas v\u0113l \u010detras. Viena no t\u0101m \u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja S\u0113nu, tiesa, ne pa apak\u0161zemes tuneli, bet gan dzelzce\u013ca tiltu. AFP raksta, ka laika gait\u0101 izdevies atrisin\u0101t ar\u012b str\u012bdus par Par\u012bzes metro savienojumiem ar priek\u0161pils\u0113t\u0101m, kas tagad jau k\u013cuvu\u0161as par neat\u0146emamu Liel\u0101s Par\u012bzes sast\u0101vda\u013cu.<\/p>\n
Vair\u0101kas metro l\u012bnijas ir pagarin\u0101tas, un pa\u0161laik Par\u012bzes metro kart\u0113 ir 16 mar\u0161rutu ar 321 staciju (j\u0101, ni\u0137is t\u0101s ier\u012bkot ik pa p\u0101ris kvart\u0101liem nekur nav pazudis) un tiek b\u016bv\u0113tas \u010detras jaunas l\u012bnijas, bet projekt\u0113ta v\u0113l viena. \u0160aj\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 Par\u012bze iet Maskavas ce\u013cu, dom\u0101jot par ap\u013cveida mar\u0161rutiem, lai no vienas apkaimes otr\u0101 var\u0113tu nok\u013c\u016bt, neiebraucot pils\u0113tas centr\u0101 un izvairoties no liekas p\u0101rs\u0113\u0161an\u0101s.<\/p>\n
Taisn\u012bbas labad gan j\u0101uzsver, ka savulaik, pirms k\u0101diem 150 gadiem, Par\u012bzes domnieki \u0161\u0101du ierosin\u0101jumu pat apsprieda (gan attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz virszemes dzelzce\u013cu), ta\u010du atzina to par ne p\u0101r\u0101k perspekt\u012bvu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Avots: Leta Pirms 125 gadiem Par\u012bz\u0113 s\u0101ka darboties pirm\u0101 pazemes dzelzce\u013ca jeb metro l\u012bnija. Neraugoties uz s\u0101kotn\u0113jo skepsi, jau dr\u012bz vien pils\u0113tnieki iecien\u012bja \u0161o transporta veidu, un v\u0113l pirms Otr\u0101 pasaules kara Par\u012bzes metro sist\u0113ma tika iev\u0113rojami papla\u0161in\u0101ta \u2013 \u0161is process turpin\u0101s ar\u012b m\u016bsdien\u0101s Glu\u017ei t\u0101pat k\u0101 citas pasaules lielpils\u0113tas, ar\u012b Par\u012bze XIX gadsimta otraj\u0101 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":286360,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"post_subheading":"","post_intro_title":"","post_intro_text":"","post_1_gallery":[],"post_main_content":"","post_banner_title":"","post_banner_text":"","post_source":"","post_faq":[],"post_toc":[],"post_conversion_block":"","post_ai_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[398],"tags":[895,889,694],"country":[],"class_list":["post-286359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jaunumi","tag-jaunumi","tag-leta","tag-turisms"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/286359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=286359"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/286359\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=286359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=286359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=286359"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.tripthis.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=286359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}